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History of the city of Kostroma and Kostroma region population of Kostroma 2001: - 287.9 ??thousand people, population of Kostroma 2004: - 279.3 thousand chelorvek, population of Kostroma 2005: - 275.9 thousand chelorvek, population of Kostroma 2007: - 273.4 thousand chelorvek. Kostroma - an ancient city, located 360 km north-east of Moscow. Expanse of the Volga Kostroma shares in two parts, giving the city a special beauty and originality. The streets and quays of Kostroma are the custodians of a great past and a living history of the city. Plenty of mighty Russian rivers and penetrating into the soul of nature set up by the perception of unusual tale. The unique look of the city is determined by the beautiful ancient monuments have survived. Kostroma has long attracted the attention of researchers, one of the first descriptions of the city - "Collection of Historical news pertaining to Kostroma" - was meticulous, Colonel Ivan Vaskov in the times of Catherine II. By the beginning of the XX century has accumulated a lot of descriptions, observations and statistical work. In 1914, started its activities Kostroma Scientific Society for the Study of the local region, his work is published from 1914 to 1923.  Researchers have treated the city's history, interested in issues related to the date of its foundation and origin of the name. As for the name of the city, it has caused, as it usually is, different interpretations. One of them leads LA Skvortsov, author of "Materials for the History of Kostroma." Referring to the fact that in the ancient chronicles of the word "fire", "Kostroma", "kostruma" refers generally fortified place, he believed that is the common name of the fortress remained in the city emerged. With this assumption, echoed version put forward by Prince Alexander Kozlovsky, which displays the name of the city, similar to the geographical location of the castle Eostrum (later the town of Tallinn). But the same author puts forward a different version of the name: from harvested during the winter on the banks of large "fires" of the forest, in the spring of alloying Buevskogo counties and Kostroma. VK Lukomski connects the city name with the name of the Slavic god of Kostroma, personified the life-giving forces of spring. Ancient festival in honor of this deity was prominent in the ritual merrymaking in honor of the sun god Yarily. Kostroma portrayed elegantly dressed doll, made of twigs and straw. In honor of her arranged games and festivities at the end of the doll in the water drowned or burned at the stake. The date of foundation of the city is 1152, when the Prince of Suzdal Yuri Dolgoruky colonized the land of the Volga. In the "History of Russia" VNTatischev writes: "The Grand Duke Yuri Dolgoruky, deprived of the Kiev principality, founded the throne in White Russia (...) then conceived to build in the area of ??its many castles: Yuriev field Peryaslavl Klyushin at the lake Vladimir on the Klyazma, Kostroma, Yaroslavl and others, many grads imyany same as in Russia are, although that quench their sorrow, that has lost the great reign Russian ». "Grady, the same imyany" - is, above all, the city of Galich in the Kostroma region, you can remember as a river of Sulu, which flows into the Volga. On the shore of her namesake with a tributary of the Dnieper, arose and built the city of Kostroma. Currently, river flows under the bridge Sula Pyatnitskaya street, and the ancient city center is located at the intersection of Pyatnitskaya and Ostrovsky, where in 1977 he was an obelisk was erected in connection with the 825th anniversary of Kostroma. Archaeological excavations conducted in 1951, opened a lot of things, evidence of the existence of this settlement of the XII century.  By setting the date of the city, VNTatischev use of various sources, which to this day do not come down. The very first authentic chronicles mention the existence of the town refers to 1213 in connection with the internecine strife sons of Prince Vsevolod III Big Nest. Great Prince Vsevolod III, section of land between his sons, the youngest of them, Yuri Vladimir gave the throne, while the elder Constantine went to Rostov and five other cities - Beloozero, Uglich Golf, Yaroslavl, Kostroma, Galich Meryazhsky. Do not accept the loss of the throne, Prince Constantine began to fight for his return. In this competition Kostroma leaning to the side of Prince Yuri, and therefore in a hike in the struggle for the throne of Vladimir Konstantin burned the city belongs to him. In Tver and Resurrection chronicles the year 1213 says that Constantine went to Kostroma "And th pozhzhe all, and people izymasha». In the end, Duke Konstantin Gromov became the Grand Duke earned the nickname of the Wise, and Kostroma in 1218 gave a ten-year reign cvoemu son Vasily. In 1238, Kostroma, along with other cities, was devastated and burned to the Tatar-Mongols, but the spirit of the people was not broken, they re-restored and rebuilt their town. During the reign of Yaroslav Vsevolodovich speaking renewers of the Russian land, Kostroma, along with civil construction, erected the cathedral church in honor of the warrior Theodore Stratilatus (Fedor - the baptism of the name of Yaroslav). In 1243 Jaroslav Gromov gave the city during the reign of his son Vasily ninth - the younger brother of Alexander Nevsky. Prince Vasili had to repeatedly defend their possessions against raids of the Tatars. In 1272, Kostroma defeated the enemy squad, rushed to town to collect the tribute. The battle was near the village of Nekrasovo (the Holy Lake), and Prince Vasili Jaroslavovich not shamed Big Brother fame. Helped him to win this victory ancestor of the Russian poet Alexander Pleshchev governor. Also in 1272, after the death of Grand Prince Yaroslav Yaroslav, by right of seniority Basil, Prince of Kostroma, came to the throne, but did not change his residence.  Kostroma in 1276 became the capital including the Grand Duchy of Vladimir, the political center of Northeast Russia. In the XIII - XIV centuries the unification of Russian lands was completed, and Kostroma in 1364 entered the Moscow principality, since it is inseparable from the history and culture of all-Russian state. Together with the entire Russian people in the great battle of Kulikovo bravely fought the militia under the command of Kostroma governor Ivan Rodionovich bowl. And not once have they had to take up arms, reflecting the raiding enemy. So it was in 1467, when a large detachment of Tatars attack repulsed the Kostroma governor Ivan Obolensky, Striga, and later the city's defense led the Governor Yakovlev Zachary. Well-fortified city during the XIV-XV centuries repeatedly served as a refuge of the family of the great prince of Moscow. In 1382 during the invasion of Khan Tokhtamysh Moscow Prince Dmitry Donskoy, along with his entire family was hiding behind the walls of the city, and in 1408 his son Vasily had found shelter here during the invasion on Russian land Edigei Khan. Kostroma was then considerable largest city, about the size of which can be judged from the fact that during a fire in 1413 burned down thirty churches. After a fire in 1416 the city was moved to the fortress on the banks of the river Sula down the Volga to the highest hill, where is now the Central Park of Culture and Rest. At the new place piled high walls, erected a wall of oak, put them in combat fourteen towers. The extension of the Kremlin and the emergence of a new city was the basis for written in the chronicles in 1416 the year that "the same summer hail Kostroma be laid."  Cathedral Kostroma Kremlin (Demolished in 1930) The presence of these fortifications helped Kostroma survive another feud for years 1425-1453 at the Moscow grand prince. In 1470-ies there was an event, reflected on the culture and artistic life in Kostroma. Kostroma army commanded by Prince Daniel Kholmsk participated in the campaigns of the Prince of Moscow Ivan III against Novgorod. Part of the noblest families in the resettlement of Novgorod by Muscovy city was directed to Kostroma, so in the future ownership of culture manifested Kostroma Novgorod art. Kostroma once were warriors in the army of Moscow. During the siege of Kazan by Ivan the Terrible Kostroma regiments under the command of the Silver Princes and Hunchback were included in the shelf right hand. The first decade of the XVII century brought the Russian people hardship "Time of Troubles." In 1608 Polish troops advanced on the city and occupied it, but the citizens revolted. Several times the town passed from hand to hand. Finally drove the enemy in 1609 under the leadership of David Zherebtsova governor, but supporters of the False Dmitry II took refuge behind the walls of the monastery Ipatiev. Late at night, from 24 on September 25, born in Kostroma, tenements and Nicholas Kostygin Konstantin Mezentsev undermined the north ramparts Ipatiev monastery and blew it at the cost of their lives. In the resulting gap rushed the participants assault and defeated the enemy. Shortly after the expulsion of the invaders was the center of Kostroma events of all-Russian importance. In 1613, the Zemsky Sobor decided to elect to the throne the nephew of the first wife of Tsar Ivan the Terrible Anastasia - Michael Romanov (separate page), whose seat was at this time Ipatiev monastery. And here was the delegation to hand over the young king, ruined power. At the same time made his feat farmer Kostroma province Ivan Susanin, a native of the village Domnino. Polish detachment sent to seize the newly elected king, making his way deaf forest road, lost his way and ended up in the village Derevnische, where he met Ivan Susanin, who made enemies in the impenetrable thicket, and there died at their hands. The patriotic deed of a peasant from the village Domnino became a legend, and in 1851 was immortalized by a monument erected by sculptor V. Demuth-Malinovsky. Not extant monument was a high column topped with a bust of King Michael and bent before him a figure of national hero on a pedestal was relief depicting the death of Susanin. The new monument Susanin made in 1967 by sculptor NA Lavinsky and installed in the park at Dairy Hill. After the election of Tsar Michael of the royal family began to read his monastery Ipatyevsky the family shrine, and came to the throne, was their duty to visit Kostroma. Each such visit has introduced something new in life and look of the city. For example, in 1767, Catherine II founded the city coat of arms with the image gallery "Tver", where she arrived in Kostroma. At the beginning of his short reign, in 1798 in Kostroma, visited Paul I, who granted the city a new coat of arms with an extremely complex symbolism, where there were a gold cross and a silver crescent. With the arrival in 1858 of Alexander II was associated alteration of so-called "Houses of the Romanov boyars" in Ipatiev Monastery - stylized architecture of the XVII century, made by the architect FF Richter. By the middle of XVII century Kostroma in terms of economic value becomes the third after Moscow and Yaroslavl city of Moscow Russia (the fourth was Vologda). Kostroma merchants traded with the East and the West (in the English factory was established). Then in Kostroma, a large shopping center there - meat, flour, salt, Kalashny, icons, iron, shubnye shopping arcade. There are new settlements - Kuznetsk, Coachmen, Fish, Brick, whose names have survived in the names of the streets. Kostroma of craft especially famous for their soap, linen and leather. Economic development is a beneficial effect on the development of the city, turning it into a center of Russian culture. The compositional center of the old remained Kostroma Kremlin (Old and New Town). Buildings inside the Old City was close and consisted of wooden buildings typical of the Russian cities of the time. Here were built the Voivodship Court, Voivodship Office, guard hut, sovereign barns and a smithy, and there was a "siege yard", which belonged to the mother of Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich. The Old City was also a lot of wooden churches and two stone of the cathedral - the Assumption and Trinity. The layout of the city was determined by major roads, it leads to the gate from the Spassky gate to the Ipatiev monastery of Ilyinskikh gate on Borovoy Debra - the city Ples. View of the Kostroma Kremlin from the right bank of the Volga River (destroyed in 1934). By the Old City in 1619 joined the quadrilateral and stretched north New City. It was built Guest House with two cottages, four barns and two sheds, Zemstvo hut, hut writ, the customs house and two wooden churches - Baptist and St. Nicholas. All these buildings were surrounded by a wooden wall with towers, three of which were the portal. Forerunner gate led from the New Town on the street Mshansk continue to Yaroslavl, the Annunciation - on Galich, and Nikolsky went to the Volga. Stone construction began in Kostroma in the middle of XVI century and the erection of Ipatiev Epiphany monasteries on the outskirts of the city, as well as the Assumption and Trinity Cathedral in the heart of the old Kremlin. With the flourishing economy of the city with the second half of XVII century, along with residential development, the city erected the parish church - Trinity (1650) and the Resurrection on Debra (1651). Glory to local builders soon went beyond Kostroma, and they are being invited to other cities and in Moscow. In Moscow in the period from 1670 to 1700 on a random and incomplete data-architects worked twelve Kostroma. Master Nikita Vasilyev in 1681 -1682 years built the tower of the church of St. Joseph in Izmailovo settlement, Karp's Bay in 1667-1679 participated in the construction of the church of St. Gregory on Polyanka, architects Philip Papuga, Emelyan and Leontius Mikhailov in 1694 worked in the New Jerusalem monastery, Andrew Perfiliev in 1699 rebuilt the Patriarchal Palace in the Kremlin. Kostroma masters erected Cathedral of Ascension of the Nizhny Novgorod Caves Monastery, they also worked in the St. Cyril-Belozersky Monastery. But it is not only famous for building art Kostroma. The city flourished crafts. In the monastery there was founded Ipatiev Godunov at icon-painting school. Seventy Kostroma painters, according to the documents of the Armoury Chamber, the king's decree summoned to Moscow for the sovereign's work. Among the Russian muralist Kostroma masters of the XVII century occupied a prominent place. Kostroma took part in the paintings of cathedrals monasteries - Makaryevsky in Kalyagin, Sawa-Strozhevskogo in Zvenigorod, the Princess of Vladimir, painted the church of St. Nicholas Nadeina in Yaroslavl and St. Sophia Cathedral in Vologda, Holy Trinity Church Holy Trinity Monastery and Cathedral of the Dormition of the Moscow Kremlin. History has preserved the names of some of them. This Jokim Agiev, nicknamed the Love, and Vasily Ilyin Zapokrovsky, who led the team of painters in the painting of the Resurrection Church in Debre. Painting of the west porch of the Holy Trinity Cathedral Ipatiev monastery.  Judgement. But the most well-known artists murals are considered to be celebrated artists Gury Nikitin and Sila Savin. Related articles:
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